Don’t be surprised if you hear the new “Conservative” talking point espousing that the current financial crisis is due to a Carter-era law called the “Community Reinvestment Act.” Translation: “They made us loan money to white trash and niggers and spics, and they took the economy down.”
Nonsense. Pure fiction at face value. The CRA worked just fine for a quarter century without creating a housing bubble or markedly increasing subprime defaults on mortgages and small business loans. It is a good program that has brought millions of economically disadvantaged people of all kinds into the middle class.
So, what changed? How about Republican free-market arch maniac wingnut Phil Gramm’s “Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act?” The law that allowed banks, securities firms and insurance companies to get into each other’s lines of business?
I’ve been following this for a while. Check here, and here, and read this from 2004.
Look, this economy has been running on borrowed money for most of the decade. Alan Greenspan kept interest rates artificially low; the Republicans assured a cash party by reducing taxes on capital gains, allowing Fannie and Freddy to have unheard of debt-to-liquid ratios, and making sure that there would be no genuine regulation by decimating regulatory agencies and installing cronies. Hell, Greenspan knew what was happening as early as 2003 — he actually Officially Recommended that people refinance their fixed rate mortgages into adjustable rate mortgages. Why? To keep the country running on credit, to keep the money churning back & forth. Greenspan wanted to be able to control and adjust the interest rate on every home in America whenever he chose to do so. But I digress.
Anyway, these newly-minted “Financial Services” companies (read: BankerRealtorInsurerBrokers) responded by loaning money like rats in heat, rolling those notes (in-house) into a new derivative called “Mortgage Backed Securities” and selling them (in-house) as investment grade paper similar to bonds.
Pretty straightforward. You put on your Realtor hat and find a buyer for some property. You then put on your banker hat and make a loan, making sure that it’s insured by Fannie or Freddy, and remembering to take out your closing cost and realtor fees. Then you put on your insurance hat and insure that property, remembering to take your underwriters fee. Then you put on your Broker’s hat and sell a piece of the expected profit on the mortgage and insurance to someone, remembering of course, to take out your brokers fee. Then, finally, you wrap the mortgage and it’s derivatives into a wholly different entity and try to sell the whole thing to someone else at a very favorable discount, noting that it’s an insured mortgage. They now own the mortgage and you have a nice little chunk of cash in hand.
Now, multiply this transaction by hundreds of millions of finances and refinances and secondary mortgages and derivative transactions. Since these were done in-house, there was absolutely no incentive to follow standard practices and due diligence. Just shovel ‘em in the front door and out the back, as fast as you can.
Nouriel Roubini, who knows more about this than just about anyone, explains it for real:
First, you take a bunch of shaky and risky subprime mortgages and
repackage them into residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS);
then you repackage these RMBS in different (equity, mezzanine, senior)
tranches of cash CDOs that receive a misleading investment grade
rating by the credit rating agencies; then you create synthetic CDOs
out of the same underlying RMBS; then you create CDOs of CDOs (or
squared CDOs) out of these CDOs; and then you create CDOs of CDOs of
CDOs (or cubed CDOs) out of the same murky securities; then you stuff
some of these RMBS and CDO tranches into SIV (structured investment
vehicles) or into ABCP (Asset Backed Commercial Paper) or into money
market funds. Then no wonder that eventually people panic and run – as
they did yesterday on an apparently safe money market fund such as
Sentinel. That toxic waste of unpriceable and uncertain junk and
zombie corpses is now emerging in the most unlikely places in the
financial markets.
Second example: today any wealthy individual can take $1 million and
go to a prime broker and leverage this amount three times; then the
resulting $4 million ($1 equity and $3 debt) can be invested in a fund
of funds that will in turn leverage these $4 millions three or four
times and invest them in a hedge fund; then the hedge fund will take
these funds and leverage them three or four times and buy some very
junior tranche of a CDO that is itself levered nine or ten times. At
the end of this credit chain, the initial $1 million of equity becomes
a $100 million investment out of which $99 million is debt (leverage)
and only $1 million is equity. So we got an overall leverage ratio of
100 to 1. Then, even a small 1% fall in the price of the final
investment (CDO) wipes out the initial capital and creates a chain of
margin calls that unravel this debt house of cards. This unraveling of
a Minskian Ponzi credit scheme is exactly what is happening right now
in financial markets.
By the time that these derivatives of derivatives of derivatives made their way into otherwise legitimate investment portfolios worldwide, the bubble started to burst. Everywhere, we began to see unprecedented default rates, which in retrospect was wholly predictable.
Paper turned into what it always had the potential to be: paper. Not only a zero return on investment, a 100% loss of everything. No value there at all to salvage. Poof. And these are going bust at a potential ratio of 100 dollars to every one dollar of the base-line of that expected profit, now nonexistent. It is that simple.
You, citizen, are now being asked to pay for a huge Ponzi scheme gone bust, after all of the money is long gone. The flim-flam man left town in the middle of the night, long ago.
But just remember: Poor li’l Jimmy Carter had nothing to do with it. And what of the one person who did the most to facilitate this catastrophe? His name is William Philip “Phil” Gramm, and he is the primary economic adviser to John McCain, the Republican nominee for President in this election.